{"id":19784,"date":"2023-05-11T14:22:16","date_gmt":"2023-05-11T20:22:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/?p=19784"},"modified":"2023-05-11T16:55:02","modified_gmt":"2023-05-11T22:55:02","slug":"pulse-fidelity-for-high-power-gan-radar-and-ew-transmitters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/pulse-fidelity-for-high-power-gan-radar-and-ew-transmitters\/","title":{"rendered":"Innovations in Pulse Fidelity for High-Power GaN Radar and EW Transmitters"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"19784\" class=\"elementor elementor-19784\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6bc452a elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6bc452a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6279f1f\" data-id=\"6279f1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8527df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8527df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1103\" alt=\"product resource whitepaper\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper-300x160.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f75c462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f75c462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Innovations in Pulse Fidelity for High-Power GaN Radar and EW Transmitters<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1d457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ce1d457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6d3fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6d3fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 20px;\">Discussing the correction of pulse droop and rising edge overshoot with data from Empower\u2019s 40 kW L band long duty cycle liquid cooled pulsed amplifier.\n<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f481339 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-rounded elementor-share-buttons--align-left elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4304 elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"f481339\" 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16-16V256c0-35.35-28.65-64-64-64zm-64 256H128v-96h256v96zm0-224H128V64h192v48c0 8.84 7.16 16 16 16h48v96zm48 72c-13.25 0-24-10.75-24-24 0-13.26 10.75-24 24-24s24 10.74 24 24c0 13.25-10.75 24-24 24z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5636a69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5636a69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7359236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7359236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755adee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"755adee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">This article discusses the correction of pulse droop and rising edge overshoot with data from Empower\u2019s 40 kW L band long duty cycle liquid cooled pulsed amplifier, Model 2237, shown in figure 1.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nRadar and electronic warfare (EW) have been the primary applications for extremely high-power transmitters, driving the demand for specialized high-power traveling wave tubes (TWTs) and magnetrons. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">Diminishing sources of TWT supplies, with their poor reliability, inefficiency, large size, and high total lifetime cost of ownership, are causing the migration away from tubes. Improved pulse fidelity came along with the solid-state transmitter; however, next-generation radar depends on further improvements in waveform fidelity and flexibility.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nFor example, next-generation radar systems utilize long pulse widths, which present specific challenges. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">As a result, Empower RF has developed technology to reduce pulse distortion as a development step towards pulse shape matching \u2013 the reproduction of the input pulse without distortion. The pulse correction is performed within the amplifier in real time. Why is this important? Long pulse width radar is especially vulnerable to over\/undershoot and droop, which can be eliminated thereby extending radar range and reducing receiver target acquisition time.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"> The benefits from an EW perspective are the ability to accurately mimic adversarial pulses without pre-processing, allowing precise threat simulation and spoofing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d9d85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"74d9d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"122\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-1-122x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-19787\" alt=\"Long duty cycle liquid cooled pulsed amplifier.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-1-122x300.webp 122w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-1.webp 331w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 122px) 100vw, 122px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Pulsed Amplifier Model 2237<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a91cac elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2a91cac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21354f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21354f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">The Primary Cause of Droop in Solid-State Power Amplifiers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a4bb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7a4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The primary cause of droop in a GaN power amplifier is the thermal response of the transistor. GaN has an inverse gain relationship with temperature. The thermal response of the transistors reduces the gain by 0.5 dB to 1.0 dB, depending on the temperature rise during the pulse. The droop is compounded with cascaded transistors resulting in a further reduction in output power. This is summarized in figure 2. <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nThe second contribution relates to a power supply\u2019s ability to source current at high frequency. During the pulse, capacitive energy across the drain of the transistor is being discharged. This starts at the leading edge of the pulse and, as the pulse progresses to the trailing edge, the gain is increasingly reduced by the resulting drop in drain current and drain voltage. These two factors can account for up to 3 dB of droop. Fixing the droop in software allows a reduction in size and complexity of the power supply and increases average transmit power. The result is improved SWaP, cost, and MTBF.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-672ecf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"672ecf0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-65bfd37\" data-id=\"65bfd37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5ac868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f5ac868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>Droop Factors in Pulse Applications<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Thermal effects on gain for GaN devices is -0.012 dB\/<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2103. For example, a \u00a0 \u0334 70 \u2103 temperature rise during the pulse results in 0.84 dB droop per transistor stage.<\/span><\/span><\/li><li>Capacitor discharge during the pulse causes power supply voltage droop.<\/li><li>If transistors are used in series, the effects of the above are multiplied for each stage.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d0debc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d0debc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"566\" height=\"123\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-2a.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19792\" alt=\"Cascading droop.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-2a.webp 566w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-2a-300x65.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f32f252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f32f252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Figure 2: The impact of cascading stages<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a998c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"91a998c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d5df0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90d5df0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Pulse Parameters and Impact on Radar Performance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3fcb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d3fcb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Pulse droop is defined as the distortion of a flat-topped rectangular pulse, characterized by a decline of the pulse top. Figure 3 describes the characteristics of a pulsed signal. Generally, each pulse includes an overshoot and ripple at the leading edge of the pulse and a pulse droop, which is the reduction in the amplitude between the beginning and end of the pulse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a660aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3a660aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-3.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19793\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-3.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-3-300x190.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Pulse parameters<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50988b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50988b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Let\u2019s consider the impact of overshoot and droop on radar performance. A radar transmitter will have a limiter to protect the amplifier output stages from exceeding peak power ratings. When overshoot is present, the gain must be set so the overshoot of the pulse does not trip the limiter. When overshoot is absent or minimized, the amplifier output can be set just shy of the limiter threshold. In the case of droop, the power during the pulse is dropping over time, further reducing the average power. By examining the radar range equation, the impact of reduced power can be seen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a39202 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a39202\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7125c39\" data-id=\"7125c39\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6c0fab elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a6c0fab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"79\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/radar-pulse-transmitters-formula.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19794\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e32ea76\" data-id=\"e32ea76\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70aa4a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70aa4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Where:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>R<sub>max<\/sub><\/i> = the maximum range<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\ud835\udc43\ud835\udc61= the transmitter power<\/p>\n\ud835\udc3a= the transmitter antenna gain<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n\ud835\udf0e = the target\u2019s radar cross section<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n\ud835\udc34\ud835\udc52= the receive antenna effective aperture<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<i>S<sub>min<\/sub><\/i>= the minimum detectable signal<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nAssuming all other terms remain constant, the maximum range varies as the fourth root of the transmitter power. For example, a 1 dB improvement in average power increases the range by 6%<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6152eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6152eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6727e45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6727e45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Pulse Corrections<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a6050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10a6050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Each of the two main sources of droop have repeatable responses, in time, marked from each leading edge of the pulse. With fast enough sample rates, an algorithmic solution exists where the amplifier gain can be changed throughout the pulse in real time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b25d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"91b25d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-4.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19798\" alt=\"Pulse droop correction.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-4.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-4-300x79.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Illustration of the pulse droop correction of RF output<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51f2802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"51f2802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c1f80e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c1f80e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">As an example, let\u2019s take the simplest form of the algorithm. Since the junction temperature rate of change is highest on the rising edge when the transistor is turning on and conducting, the adjustment to the gain at the beginning of the pulse must be greater than during the body of the pulse. <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nWhen this is accomplished, the result is a significant reduction in overshoot. After the overshoot section, a second element, gain adjustment of the algorithm, is employed. The math is pretty simple. <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The droop has a slope, so the gain adjustment simply adds in the inverse gain slope. The algorithm applied repeats itself with each pulse. This two-step algorithm can be further refined by adding more adjustment points; however, results of a two-stage correction by itself are very good and are shown below. <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The correction algorithm resides in FPGA firmware and is comprised of a finite state machine (FSM) described in HDL. The correction algorithm is configured with the appropriate parameters from a digital calibration process performed at the factory. The parameters include the slopes of the two-stage corrections and the initial power level amounts at the leading edge of the pulse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fca4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fca4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Test Setup<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743d02c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743d02c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">For demonstration, an Empower amplifier is fed with a 1.5 GHz, 500 \u03bcsec pulse, nominally at 0 dBm. A separate guard band input is used to frame the pulse for operating in true pulse mode. The amplifier is set to full gain, achieving 40 kW peak at the output. The overall setup is shown in figure 5.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c58396e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c58396e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-5.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19799\" alt=\"Test setup.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-5.webp 605w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-5-300x140.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Test Setup<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ee84f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"76ee84f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fbaecb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6fbaecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-6.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19800\" alt=\"Output power coupling.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-6.webp 605w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-6-300x179.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Output power coupling<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a64ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c0a64ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7435de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7435de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The amplifier has a bi-directional coupler at the output as seen in figure 6. The coupling factor is 76 dB. A Boonton RTP5006 USB Real-Time Peak Power Sensor was used; this is the only sensor fast enough to capture the peak of the overshoot. The full power is dumped into a 50-ohm load.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec37ce8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec37ce8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-32bc722\" data-id=\"32bc722\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbb128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbb128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Measurement Considerations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e6133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35e6133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Measuring pulsed radar signals requires a peak power sensor. For fast pulses, the rise time of the power sensor is important. The Boonton RTP5006 has a rise time of \u22643 ns. This means that a pulse rising edge of 5 ns can be comfortably measured.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f29856b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f29856b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S1.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19804\" alt=\"Pulse rising edge.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S1.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S1-300x123.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure S-1: Pulse rising edge with automated 10\/90% rise time measurement shown by blue arrow<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ebe8b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ebe8b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Fast real-time and equivalent-time sampling provide fine resolution on narrow pulses. The RTP5000 Real-Time Peak Power Sensors, with 100 MSa\/s real-time and 10 GSa\/s equivalent-time sampling, can make measurements on 10 ns pulses with 100 ps resolution.\nWhen measuring amplifier droop, automated measurements become important. Droop is one of the 16 automated pulse measurements available from the RTP5000 family.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-888a544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"888a544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S2.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19805\" alt=\"Comparing live trace with memory.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S2.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-S2-300x124.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure S-2: Comparing a live trace with memory enables users to see the effect of signal changes on droop<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c195c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c195c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">RTP5000 power sensors may be used with a PC running the Boonton Power Analyzer software or with the PMX40 Power Meter for a benchtop instrument experience. Either way, they provide the ideal tool to characterize radar and EW signals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45c27d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45c27d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934ab86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934ab86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Results of Practical Implementation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf46c93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf46c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Figure 7 shows the measurement with the Boonton power sensor of the initial SSPA output before the correction algorithm is applied. This was captured by the Boonton Power Analyzer software. The peak with overshoot measures 76.1 dBm. The end of the pulse top is measured at 74.4 dBm. The Boonton software captures the pulse envelope and is able to export it to a CSV table. From that table, the overshoot can be determined to settle around 75.2 dBm. The uncorrected pulse is then described as having 76.1 \u2013 75.2 = 0.9 dB overshoot with a droop of 75.2 \u2013 74.4 = 0.8 dB.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4044107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4044107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ca65c3\" data-id=\"4ca65c3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e806337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e806337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-7-279x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-19806\" alt=\"Uncorrected pulse.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-7-279x300.webp 279w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-7.webp 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7c0adc\" data-id=\"a7c0adc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53dd0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53dd0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Uncorrected 40 kW Pulse<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">500 \u03bcsec Pulse Width<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Peak Power 76.05 dBm<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Average Power 6436 dBm<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Rise Time 7 ns<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">End of Pulse at 74.36 dBm<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-209dc3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"209dc3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a55fb8\" data-id=\"5a55fb8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5adab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5adab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 7: Uncorrected 40 kW pulse\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-608850a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"608850a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e938213 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e938213\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-88d6ab5\" data-id=\"88d6ab5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c98e835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c98e835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8a-280x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-19807\" alt=\"Overshoot correction.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8a-280x300.webp 280w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8a.webp 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 8a: Overshoot correction applied Overshoot reduced by 0.6 dB<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba0fabf\" data-id=\"ba0fabf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e6891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"69e6891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"278\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8b-278x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-19808\" alt=\"Slope of droop with correction applied.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8b-278x300.webp 278w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-8b.webp 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 8b: Slope of droop with correction applied<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-22ce1a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"22ce1a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-825681a\" data-id=\"825681a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f16e0ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f16e0ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 8: Results of applying the corrections\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1d278c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f1d278c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8cb9249 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8cb9249\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-892968e\" data-id=\"892968e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d16daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d16daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"278\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-9-278x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-19809\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-9-278x300.webp 278w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-9.webp 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc99ce7\" data-id=\"cc99ce7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f59e3a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f59e3a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Adjust to maximum peak power by increasing system gain. This system gain is higher than the gain used in the uncorrected pulse example.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3545281 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3545281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e16a318\" data-id=\"e16a318\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed59d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ed59d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 9: The final result\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f033f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11f033f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56bd73b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56bd73b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">As shown in figure 8, the overshoot correction and the droop correction stages decrease the amplitude of the front of the pulse while the end of the pulse remains unchanged. The effect reduces the overall energy of the pulse, a poor tradeoff for generating a flat pulse.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nHowever, once the pulse is made flat, the gain of the system can be increased since the reduced overshoot will no longer trip the amplifier peak limiter. This is shown in figure 9. <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nFor the final result of Figure 9, the maximum peak power was adjusted by increasing the system gain. This results in a system gain higher than that of the uncorrected pulse example.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nFor simplicity of illustrating the method, the gain adjustment has been described as the last step. In actual implementation, the correction factors are established ahead of time and stored, so setting the system to the optimized maximum gain is the first step. Next, the pulse rises and the overshoot is corrected with a final step of correcting the droop of the pulse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ac36ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ac36ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976ce60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"976ce60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Reducing overshoot and droop allows for an increase in average pulse power while providing more uniform power throughout the pulse as shown in figure 10. The amplifier generates higher average power due to two factors. The gain, and therefore the output power, is set higher since the missing overshoot will not trip the output peak power protection. The average power is also higher because the droop is flatter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-340fa19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"340fa19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Recap: Uncorrected Pulse<br \/>Pulse peak power: 76.0 dBm<br \/>Average power: 64.6 dBm<br \/>End of the 500 \u03bcsec pulse: 74.4 dBm<br \/><strong>Total pulse variation: 1.6 dB<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Recap: Pulse with Correction Applied<br \/>Pulse peak power: 76.0 dBm<br \/>Average power: 65.5 dBm<br \/>End of the 500 \u03bcsec pulse: 75.4 dBm<br \/><strong>Total pulse variation: 0.6 dB<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-608f39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"608f39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-10.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19813\" alt=\"Impact of overshoot and droop correction.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-10.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Radar-Transmitters-fig-10-300x154.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 10: Impact of overshoot and droop correction<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a31e884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a31e884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a733dc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a733dc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a27965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a27965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Using these techniques increased the average pulse power by 0.9 dB, which is close to the amount of pulse correction. This is as expected since the maximum transmitter output can be increased by the amount that the pulse variation is reduced. The result represents more than a 20 percent increase in average power, which also improves SWaP, cost and MTBF. The transmitter power density improves by 20 percent. The MTBF and cost improve since the component count in the RF chain would have been higher and the transmitter would have operated at a higher temperature to produce the 20 percent output power increase that would have been required without the pulse correction. In addition, the radar performance improves as roughly 1 dB of increased transmit power extends the range of the radar by 6 percent<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-602edf8 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"602edf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Empower-White-Paper-Pulse-Fidelity-GaN-Radar-Transmitters.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download this Whitepaper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18f80ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"18f80ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead5ae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ead5ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>About Empower RF<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b13da4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b13da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Founded in 1999, Empower RF Systems is a global leader in power amplifier solutions that are critical to defense, commercial, and industrial market applications. \n<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nWith our origins in the design of broadband and band-specific solid state power amplifiers, Empower continues to advance the science of RF power amplification to produce rugged, power efficient, and cost-effective solutions. It is our priority to design and deliver high quality, innovative products which address customer systems and business requirements.\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nOperating globally and continuing to expand our technology resources, Empower RF has been awarded patents on amplifier design techniques and assembly methods. Our customer base includes market leading OEMs, government agencies, and academic institutions with an array of demanding performance requirements.\n<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.empowerrf.com\/\">Visit Empower Website<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24f3d01 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"24f3d01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Contact us<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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tag-embedded-atomic-clocks tag-global-navigation-satellite-system tag-network-timing tag-precision-time-protocol tag-timing-methods tag-timing-system\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/precise-time-scale-system-microchip-2\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tSecure Your Legacy Timing Systems From GNSS Threats\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-20937 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-data-acquisition tag-data-acquisition-recorder tag-data-acquisition-system tag-digital-storage-oscilloscopes tag-dso\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/all-in-one-data-acquisition-recorder\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWhy Choose an All-in-One Data Acquisition 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href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/data-acquisition-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-systems\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tData Acquisition in High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Systems\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-19172 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-arinc-664 tag-avionics tag-avionics-ethernet tag-avionics-fibre-channel tag-avionics-interfaces tag-avionics-simulation tag-fibre-channel\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/testing-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-switches\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTesting High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Switches\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-19143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-as5653 tag-avionics tag-avionics-fibre-channel tag-avionics-interfaces tag-avionics-simulation tag-fibre-channel tag-fibre-channel-simulator tag-hs1760 tag-mil-std-1760e\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/testing-simulation-mil-std-1760e-avionics-interfaces\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tConsiderations For Testing and Simulation of MIL-STD- 1760E\/HS1760 Avionics Interfaces\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dc808e elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-9807 elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4dc808e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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