{"id":19249,"date":"2023-03-24T06:24:26","date_gmt":"2023-03-24T12:24:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/?p=19249"},"modified":"2023-03-24T13:23:26","modified_gmt":"2023-03-24T19:23:26","slug":"data-acquisition-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/data-acquisition-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Acquisition in High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"19249\" class=\"elementor elementor-19249\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6bc452a elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6bc452a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6279f1f\" data-id=\"6279f1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8527df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8527df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1103\" alt=\"product resource whitepaper\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/whitepaper-300x160.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f75c462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f75c462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Data Acquisition in High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Systems<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1d457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ce1d457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6d3fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6d3fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 15-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 20px;\">Key considerations to address when designing a flight test system for the acquisition of avionics Ethernet and Fibre Channel data.\n<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f481339 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-rounded elementor-share-buttons--align-left elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4304 elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"f481339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_print\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"Share on print\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-print\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M448 192V77.25c0-8.49-3.37-16.62-9.37-22.63L393.37 9.37c-6-6-14.14-9.37-22.63-9.37H96C78.33 0 64 14.33 64 32v160c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64v112c0 8.84 7.16 16 16 16h48v96c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h320c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-96h48c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16V256c0-35.35-28.65-64-64-64zm-64 256H128v-96h256v96zm0-224H128V64h192v48c0 8.84 7.16 16 16 16h48v96zm48 72c-13.25 0-24-10.75-24-24 0-13.26 10.75-24 24-24s24 10.74 24 24c0 13.25-10.75 24-24 24z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5636a69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5636a69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755adee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"755adee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">As avionics applications grow in complexity and sophistication, these systems are increasingly turning to the use of high speed serial data networks based on Ethernet and Fibre Channel to meet the ever increasing demand for data bandwidth. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">As these types of networks become more common in new avionics systems, new and unique solutions are required for flight test data acquisition. This paper addresses several of the key considerations which much be addressed when designing a flight test system for the acquisition of avionics Ethernet and Fibre Channel data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7359236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7359236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">I. INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a4bb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7a4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">In the past avionics systems have commonly been based on shared data bus technologies such as MIL-STD-1553 and ARINC 629. However as avionics systems have become more complex they are requiring more data bandwidth. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nAs a result, systems designers are turning to the use of networked systems based on Ethernet and Fibre Channel technologies. These networked systems provide both increased bit rates and the throughput advantages of a switched network (as opposed to shared bus architectures).\nIn contrast to legacy systems such as MIL-STD-1553, Fibre Channel and Ethernet provide several bit rate and physical medium options as summarized below.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-032b54a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"032b54a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><b>Protocol<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Topology<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Medium<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Bandwidth<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">MIL-STD-1553<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Shared Bus<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Electrical<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">(Manchester)<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">ARINC 629<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Shared Bus<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Electrical<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">(Manchester)<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">2Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Ethernet<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Switched Network<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Electrical &amp; Optical<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">10Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">100Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">1000Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">10 Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Fibre Channel<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Switched Network, Arbitrated Loop<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Electrical &amp; Optical<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1 Gibt\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">2 Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">4 Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Table 1. Avionics Communication Technology Comparison<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9e0dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9e0dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">A. Avionics Ethernet<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f32f252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f32f252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Ethernet is a widely used data network technology which provides many standardized options to support a variety of bit rates and physical media. The most commonly used variants (in avionics systems) are:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bb0f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bb0f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><b>Ethernet Type<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Speed<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\"><b>Medium<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">10BASE-T<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">10Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Copper<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">100BASE-T<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">100Mbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Copper<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1000BASE-T<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">Copper<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1000BASE-SX<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">1Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">860nm fiber<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">10GBASE-SR<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">10Gbit\/s<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p2\">850nm fiber<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Table 2. Common Ethernet Variants<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1b85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1b85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">There are Ethernet PHY interfaces commonly available which support 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T (copper) Ethernet operations. Because these 3 variants utilize the same physical layer (copper twisted pair) and because Ethernet provides an link speed auto-negotiation mechanism, BASE-T networks are extremely common and easy to integrate.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nOptical gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-SX) is currently the most common variant of optical Ethernet while 10G Ethernet (10GBASE-SR) is largely viewed as the next major step for Ethernet based networks.\n<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nIn the avionics environment, all of the previously mentioned Ethernet variants are used. There are also avionics specific Ethernet based protocols which provide definitions that profile Ethernet to provide real-time and fault tolerant operations often required in avionics applications.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nARINC 664 specifies an Ethernet profile for use in avionics systems. ARINC 664 type networks are used on several new commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and Airbus 380. ARINC 664 profiles Ethernet to provide guaranteed worst case latency through the network between communicating end nodes. It also adds redundancy to achieve a level of fault tolerance. AFDXTM is a proprietary implementation of ARINC 664 defined by Airbus.\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nTime Triggered Ethernet (TTE) is another avionics focused Ethernet profile. TTE is defined in SAE AS6802 and can be considered an extension of ARINC 664. TTE adds determinism to ARINC 664 by utilizing a network wide communications schedule which guarantees no contention for link bandwidth in the network. On each link, the transmitting nodes only send data at prescheduled times when no other traffic is guaranteed to be on the network.\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\nARINC 664, AFDXTM, and TTE utilize 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, and 1000BASE-SX Ethernet. All of these Avionics specific protocols are fully compliant with standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. They only profile the use of Ethernet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd11886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd11886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">B. Fibre Channel In Avionics<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3920a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd3920a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The Fibre Channel protocol is specified by the INCITS T11 committee. Fibre Channel was originally developed to support the storage area network (SAN) industry. However, the T11 committee has also defined several Avionics Environment (AE) documents specifying the use of Fibre Channel in avionics systems. The table below summarizes some of the most common Fibre Channel Avionics Environment (FC-AE) specifications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405ed5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9405ed5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Specification<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Description<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">FC-AE-ASM<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">The Asynchronous Subscriber Messaging protocol supports the publishing of small amounts of periodic data which is consumed by multiple subscribers. ASM is intended to support the publishing of typical periodic avionics data on a network.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">FC-AE-RDMA<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">Remote Direct Memory Access is used to transfer and stream large amounts of data or files across the avionics network. RDMA communications are typically more asynchronous than periodic.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">FC-AE-1553<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"p1\">FC-AE-1553 is a mapping of the legacy MIL-STD-1553 protocol onto a Fibre Channel network. This was developed to support HS1760 weapons interfaces<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\";>Table 3. FA-AE Protocols Summary<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b3e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b3e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">In addition to the FC-AE protocols, ARINC 818 (FC-AV) defines the use of Fibre Channel in avionics display systems. The FC-AE protocols are most commonly found on military aircraft platforms while ARINC 818 is most commonly found in commercial aircraft.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nOf the previously mentioned Fibre Channel protocols, only FC-AE-1553 uses an electrical physical interface. Avionics Fibre Channel systems most commonly use 1Gbit\/s and 2Gbit\/s optical physical interfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d5df0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90d5df0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">II. FLIGHT TEST DATA ACQUISITION REQUIREMENTS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31cd824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31cd824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">A. Overview<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3fcb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d3fcb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">During flight test of new aircraft avionics systems, network data must be acquired and archived (recorded) for post flight analysis. Additionally, some key network data must also be captured and made immediately available for live monitoring and analysis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e20ba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e20ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">B. Live Flight Test Data<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70aa4a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70aa4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Some data acquired from avionics systems must be monitored live at a ground station during the execution of flight tests. This live data is captured by monitoring equipment on the aircraft and then communicated to the ground on a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) signal by an onboard telemetry system. At the ground station this data can be viewed by test engineers during the flight test. Additionally, the data from the aircraft system may be recorded for post processing at the ground station. The PCM data stream from the aircraft can typically provide a bandwidth between 1.25 Mbit\/s and 20 Mbit\/s.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nA common strategy within a flight test telemetry system is to select a set of avionics systems parameters of interest for the particular flight test, and to arrange a periodic schedule on the PCM link (consisting of frames and sub-frames) so that the data parameters of interest are sampled and transmitted to the ground station at a pre-defined rate. In some cases the telemetry system producing the PCM stream of data may be part of the same system that is monitoring (sampling) the avionics network data. Another strategy that is often employed is to have multiple monitoring devices which transmit the sampled avionics network data over an in-vehicle test data network (Ethernet) to a telemetry gateway which converts in the incoming stream of network data parameters to a PCM stream for transmission to a ground station.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b25d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"91b25d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"503\" height=\"116\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig1.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19257\" alt=\"Internal PCM Transmitter - Avionics Ethernet\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig1.webp 503w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig1-300x69.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 503px) 100vw, 503px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 Monitor Equipment with Internal PCM Transmitter<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb3b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5fb3b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5cf12e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f5cf12e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig2-768x335.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19256\" alt=\"Flight Test System - Avionics Ethernet\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig2-768x335.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig2-300x131.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig2.webp 855w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 Flight Test System with Telemetry Gateway<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51f2802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"51f2802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a71483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a71483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">C. Post Flight Analysis (Data Recording)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a6050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10a6050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">During a flight test, in addition to transmitting live data to ground stations, it is also often a requirement to capture and record data to an in-vehicle flight data recorder. The flight data recorder most commonly will have the capability to ingest data on one or more Ethernet input interfaces. Currently, 1 Gbit\/s (1000BASE-T) Ethernet is the most common input interface for flight data recorders.\n<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nA common strategy for flight data recording, that is supported by currently available flight data recorders, is to configure the recorder to simply receive and stream data destined to User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port to an archive file in the data recorder. It is possible in some cases to stream data to multiple files by addressing the data to different UDP ports at the recorder.\nFor data captured from Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks, there are a variety of standard methods available to encode the captured data into the UDP data stream to the recorders. One of the most common encoding schemes is defined in IRIG 106 Chapter 10. This specification defines a standard header to be added to the monitored network frames in order to hold a timestamp and additionally error detection information about the captured networks data (such as CRC errors and data length errors). Because IRIG 106 Ch.10 is a well accepted standard in the flight test community, there are an abundance of software tools readily available for processing and analyzing IRIG 106 Ch.10 formatted flight test capture data.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nAnother possible encoding format for captured Fibre Channel and Ethernet avionics network data is the use of the PCAPNG format. The PCAPNG format is a well defined archive format that includes support for both Fibre Channel and Ethernet frame data. Similar to the IRIG 106 Ch.10 format, the PCAPNG format provides a standard format for attaching timestamps and error information to captured avionics network frames. While IRIG 106 Ch.10 is a well accepted standard in flight test communities, the PCAPNG format is the most widely used and accepted in the IT and data networking communities and as a result there is also an abundance of readily available software tools for processing and analyzing PCAPNG formatted capture data.\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c87a677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c87a677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">III. ACCESSING DATA IN SWITCHED NETWORKS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29424cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29424cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">A. Two Approaches<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743d02c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743d02c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">In shared bus systems, such as MIL-STD-1553, all of the avionics data can be acquired from a single point of connection on the bus. This is not the case in switched networks like Ethernet and Fibre Channel. In a switched network there are two possible approaches to accessing the network data for acquisition.\n<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nOne approach is to use a \u201cmonitor\u201d port on the network switches. With this approach, the routing tables for the network data through the switches must be modified such that the data which is to be acquired is routed to a special physical port on the network switch in addition to the its intended destinations. The flight test monitoring equipment or flight test data recorder is connected to these monitor ports. An advantage of this approach is simplified wiring. Once the monitoring equipment is attached to the monitor port of the network switch it can acquire all needed data by only \u201csoft\u201d changes to the switch routing tables and without the need for re-wiring to gain access to additional network data. However, a drawback of this approach is that since the data is routed to this monitor port it can only be timestamped by the monitoring equipment once it reaches the monitor port, so some information about timing and ordering of the data on the network is lost. Also, since the avionics network switch tables are modified to support the acquisition of data, it can be argued that the behavior of the network is also modified or affected by the acquisition system.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nAn alternative to the use of monitor ports is the use of network taps. A network tap is a device that is used to access the physical network link between communicating systems such as an end node and a switch. With a network tap, the monitoring equipment is given access to the data on the link at specific points in the network rather than at a single switch port to which it has been routed. With this approach, data can be captured with accurate timestamping when it occurs on a link and the network switch routing tables are not modified. So, data is collected without changing the behavior of the avionics system and a more accurate measure of data ordering and time can be acquired. The down side of this approach is increased complexity in the wiring of the data acquisition system since taps and monitoring equipment must be setup at several locations within the physical network.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nBecause of the provided advantages with respect to supporting accurate timing and data ordering in acquired data and in spite of the complexity in wiring, the use of network taps is the preferred approach in avionics network data acquisition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d122bc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d122bc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">B. Network Taps<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7435de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7435de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">A network tap is a device which provides access to the data flowing in both directions on a bi-directional link between communicating systems in a network (most commonly between an end node and a network switch). A bi-directional network tap will commonly have four physical ports: one port for the connections to the network system, one port for connection to the network switch, and two ports for connections to monitoring equipment. Each monitoring port provides a stream of data from one of the data directions on the bi-directional link being monitored.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7fc6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb7fc6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig3.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19259\" alt=\"Network Tap Connections - Avionics Ethernet.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig3.webp 713w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig3-300x145.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 Network Tap Connections<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ade29c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ade29c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">There are generally two types of network taps to consider: active taps, which require external power, and passive taps, which do not require external power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116f925 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"116f925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 style=\"font-size: 18px;\">1) Passive Taps<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53dd0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53dd0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Passive network taps are commonly used in optical networks and can be thought of as a simple light divider. This type of tap simply \u201csplits\u201d the optical signal as it passes through to provide two outputs, the pass through and the monitor output. A passive, splitter tap is characterized by a split ratio which specifies how much of the signal power goes\nto the pass through and how much of the signal power goes to the monitor. The desired split ratio can depend on the type of receiving equipment and the length of the links to the remote device and the monitoring equipment. Signal splitter taps are most commonly used for optical networks such as Fibre Channel and Ethernet 1000BASE-SX and 10GBASE-SR.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\">\nPassive taps are also available for 10\/100BASE-T networks and just like their optical counterparts they are largely simple signal splitters because with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Ethernet, the signals are carried in each direction of a bi-directional link on 2 different differential pairs.\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ae19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73ae19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"143\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig4.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19258\" alt=\"Avionics Ethernet Connections\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig4.webp 590w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig4-300x73.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 10\/100 Mbit Ethernet Connections<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf46c93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf46c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Because of the complexity of supporting 1 Gbit Ethernet over a copper medium, passive taps are not currently available for 1000BASE-T Ethernet. 1000BASE-T Ethernet requires the use of all 4 twisted pairs available in standard Ethernet CAT5e\/6 cabling. This type of cabling can only reliably support up to 250Mbit\/s on a single pair. To achieve 1Gbit\/s the 4 pairs are used in parallel to send 4 bits in both directions simultaneously. The sharing of a single pair for simultaneous data streams in both directions is achieved by complex physical interfaces which subtract out the transmitted signal from the received signal at each end to extract the original signal from the remote node. For this reason, a signal splitter does not work because the monitor is not able to recover the original transmitted signal because it does not have access to the information required to subtract out or separate the signal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fce2d00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fce2d00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"285\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig5.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19261\" alt=\"Avionic Ethernet Signals.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig5.webp 590w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig5-300x145.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 1000BASE-T Ethernet Signals<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28eb3d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28eb3d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 style=\"font-size: 18px;\">2) Active Taps<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ed24e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37ed24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Passive taps are generally preferred for avionics network data acquisition because they do not require external power and are simple by design and therefore provide a much lower risk of disrupting the monitored avionics system in the case of failure. However because passive taps are not available for 1 Gbit\/s copper Ethernet, an active tap must be used for this type of network. The active taps must contain Ethernet PHY components which receive the signals and forward them on to the link partner in each direction and to Ethernet PHY components at the monitor interfaces of the tap. Obviously there are drawbacks to the use of these types of devices. If there is a power loss at the device, the link between the avionics systems nodes could become disabled. To combat this, most 1000BASE-T taps contain a fail over mechanism which is implemented in a bypass switch which defaults the tap to a physical signal pass through during power loss.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ac36ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ac36ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">IV. DATA AGGREGATION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934ab86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934ab86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">A. Overview<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976ce60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"976ce60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">As discussed previously, the preferred method of data acquisition for flight test applications is the use of network taps within the avionics network. With the use of network taps, the flight test data acquisition system can access data from multiple points in the network to get the most accurate picture of the behavior and operations of the network. With the network tap strategy, there are two network ports required to monitor each network location which is tapped (one monitor port do data in each direction on the bi-directional links). As a result of this, the network tap approach results in a large number of required monitor interfaces. Therefore to handle this large number of interfaces a monitoring device is desired which can aggregate the data from a number of monitor interfaces onto a single (or small number of) Ethernet interface to a flight test data recorder. Additionally, to be able to simultaneously support the live data requirements for flight test applications, it is also desirable for the aggregator device to have the capability to select and output data to a PCM interface and\/or to a telemetry gateway over a flight test network on the vehicle under test.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-608f39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"608f39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig6.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-19260\" alt=\"Avionics Network Data Aggregator.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig6.webp 700w, https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/data-acquisition-avionics-fig6-300x105.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 AIT\u2019s Avionics Network Data Aggregator<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a31e884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a31e884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df931e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df931e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">B. Aggregating Data to Flight Test Data Recorders<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a27965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a27965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Because avionics networks can be composed of combinations of Ethernet and Fibre Channel network types (different speeds and physical media) an avionics network data aggregator device must be capable of monitoring data from a variety of network types. The aggregator must also have the capability to accurately timestamp the monitored data as it is received so that the ordering of the information can be reconstructed from the flight data recorder archives. Also, so that the recorded data may correlated to other aircraft events, the timestamp clock of the network data aggregator must be capable of being synchronized to external reference clock signals such as IEEE 1588 and IRIG-B. The aggregator device must also package the captured Fibre Channel and Ethernet network data into a format such as IRIG 106 Chapter 10 or PCAPNG as described previously since these data formats provide standard methods for the aggregator to indicate timestamps and error information for the captured data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0add9cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0add9cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">C. Recorder Data Filtering and Selection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-088e7f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"088e7f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The data inputs of the flight data recorders are limited to the link speed at the inlets (typically 1 Gbit\/s Ethernet with 10Gbit\/s expected in the near future). With the data aggregator expected to capture from a dozen or more network interfaces which can host data streams up to 1 or 10 Gbit\/s in each direction, the aggregator can easily monitor and capture more data than the input of the recorder can accept. Therefore the aggregator must have the capability to also filter the Fibre Channel and Ethernet data captured prior to streaming to the data recorders in order to reduce the data flow to the maximum allowed by the recorder. The filters must allow the flight test engineer to select (or filter) data frames based on Fibre Channel and Ethernet frame header fields (source and destination addresses for example).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6b953a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6b953a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 20px;\">D. Telemetry Data Selection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59ad637 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59ad637\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Just as the data recorder maximum input capacity limits the amount of network data that can be archived; the limited bandwidth available on telemetry links also requires that the avionics network data aggregator provide the ability to select data parameters from the monitored Fibre Channel and Ethernet monitor inputs for transmission on the telemetry interfaces. While network data recorders provide a bandwidth limit in the range of gigabits per second, the telemetry interface provides much more restrictive bandwidth limits which are in the range of several Mbit\/s. So, while the data filters for the selection of data to be aggregated to the recorder must allow the selection of whole Ethernet and Fibre Channel frames based on addressing fields in the protocol headers, the data selection for telemetry data must additionally allow for selection of bit and byte fields within the payload of network data frames. In order to support both telemetry data strategies described previously (See Figure 1 and Figure 2) the network data aggregator must allow the selected telemetry data to be transmitted directly on a local PCM interface or to alternatively be sent to a telemetry gateway via an Ethernet output interface.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de1075c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de1075c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"color: #d10202; font-size: 23px;\">V. CONCLUSION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2319c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a2319c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">As avionics communications systems shift increasingly to switched network technologies based on Fibre Channel and Ethernet, new approaches to flight test data acquisition must be evaluated since these networks do not provide a single connection point from which all network information can be accessed at the time it occurs on the network. The preferred approach to access data in a switched network avionics system is the use of network taps to provide access to the avionics data at multiple points of interest in the network. The use of the network tap approach has the effect of requiring the monitoring of a large number of network interfaces. Due to this large number of monitored interfaces and due to the large bandwidth capacity of these networks, captured data must be filtered and aggregated from a large number of monitored interfaces onto limited bandwidth input interfaces to flight data recorders and onto even more bandwidth restrictive telemetry interfaces. Avionics Network Data Aggregators are a new class of device that have been developed to provide data filter, selection and aggregation functions in these switched network environments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-602edf8 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"602edf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/aviftech.com\/2057-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download this Whitepaper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18f80ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"18f80ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead5ae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ead5ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>About Avionics Interface Technologies (AIT)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b13da4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b13da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">AIT has gained the reputation for having the most technologically capable products with quick delivery times, high reliability, and unprecedented support. Our wide market acceptance stems from quality products and services worldwide. Expert pre- and post-sales technical support comes as part of the AIT solution. Our direct AIT offices, in cooperation with our network of qualified representatives, provide optimized in-country service and support for all your avionics flight, test, and simulation requirements.\n\nTo provide local service and technical support for our valued customers, AIT has distribution and support offices worldwide. We have field offices in Arizona, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Ohio; and we use local authorized manufacturers\u2019 representatives throughout the US and Canada for quick response. AIT also has a separate a production and design center based in Dayton, Ohio, just outside of Wright Patterson Air Force Base, for the design and development of our Fibre Channel products to support the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aviftech.com\/\"> Visit AITWebsite<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24f3d01 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"24f3d01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Contact 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tag-embedded-atomic-clocks tag-global-navigation-satellite-system tag-network-timing tag-precision-time-protocol tag-timing-methods tag-timing-system\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/precise-time-scale-system-microchip-2\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tSecure Your Legacy Timing Systems From GNSS Threats\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-20937 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-data-acquisition tag-data-acquisition-recorder tag-data-acquisition-system tag-digital-storage-oscilloscopes tag-dso\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/all-in-one-data-acquisition-recorder\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tWhy Choose an All-in-One Data Acquisition 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elementor-grid-item post-19784 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-empower tag-ew tag-ew-transmitters tag-power-amplifiers tag-pulse-correction tag-pulse-power\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/pulse-fidelity-for-high-power-gan-radar-and-ew-transmitters\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tInnovations in Pulse Fidelity for High-Power GaN Radar and EW Transmitters\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-19249 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-avionics-ethernet tag-avionics-fibre-channel tag-fibre-channel tag-flight-test tag-network-data-aggregator\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/data-acquisition-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-systems\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tData Acquisition in High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Systems\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-19172 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-arinc-664 tag-avionics tag-avionics-ethernet tag-avionics-fibre-channel tag-avionics-interfaces tag-avionics-simulation tag-fibre-channel\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/testing-high-speed-ethernet-fibre-channel-avionics-switches\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTesting High Speed Ethernet &#038; Fibre Channel Avionics Switches\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-19143 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-resources category-white-paper tag-as5653 tag-avionics tag-avionics-fibre-channel tag-avionics-interfaces tag-avionics-simulation tag-fibre-channel tag-fibre-channel-simulator tag-hs1760 tag-mil-std-1760e\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vicmyers.com\/testing-simulation-mil-std-1760e-avionics-interfaces\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tConsiderations For Testing and Simulation of MIL-STD- 1760E\/HS1760 Avionics Interfaces\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dc808e elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-9807 elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4dc808e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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